Hyperoxia mediates acute lung injury and increased lethality in murine legionella pneumonia: the role of
apoptosis
Tateda K, Deng JC, Moore TA, Newstead MW, Paine R 3rd, Kobayashi N, Yamaguchi
K, Standiford TJ.
Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
J Immunol. 2003 Apr 15; 170(8): 4209-16.
Infection
of murine macrophage cell lines by Legionella pneumophila
Yan L, Cirillo JD.
Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, 203 VBS, Fair and East Campus Loop, 68583, Lincoln, NE, USA. jcirillo1@unl.edu
FEMS
Microbiol Lett. 2004 Jan 15;230(1):147-52.
Legionella
pneumophila type II protein secretion promotes virulence in the A/J mouse
model of Legionnaires' disease pneumonia
Rossier
O, Starkenburg SR, Cianciotto NP.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical
School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. n-cianciotto@northwestern.edu.
Infect
Immun. 2004 Jan;72(1):310-21.
Macroautophagy is dispensable for
intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila in Dictyostelium
discoideum
Otto GP, Wu MY, Clarke M, Lu H, Anderson OR, Hilbi H, Shuman HA, Kessin RH.
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th St.,
New York, NY 10032, USA. rhk2@columbia.edu
Mol
Microbiol. 2004 Jan;51(1):63-72.
Cannabinoid
receptors and T helper cells
Klein
TW,
Newton
C, Larsen K, Chou J,
Perkins I, Lu L, Nong L, Friedman H.
Department
of Medical Microbiology and Immunology,
University of South
Florida
,
12901
Bruce Downs Boulevard
,
Tampa
,
FL
33612
,
USA
. tklein@hsc.usf.edu
J
Neuroimmunol. 2004 Feb;147(1-2):91-4.
ABSTRACT:
We have reported that injection of marijuana cannabinoids, such as Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC), into mice, followed by infection with Legionella pneumophila (Lp),
suppresses the development of cell-mediated immunity T helper 1 (Th1) activity.
These effects are accompanied by suppression of interleukin (IL)-12 and
interferon (IFN) gamma production and enhancement of IL-4 production
suggesting THC-induced T helper cell biasing. In the current report, other T
helper cell biasing mechanisms were studied. Mice were injected with THC
followed 18 h later by a challenge infection with Lp. Two-hour post-infection,
spleens were removed and analyzed for mRNA to either IL-12Rbeta2 or GATA3 gene
products. The results showed that THC suppressed IL-12Rbeta2 but increased
GATA3. Receptor antagonists for CB1 (SR141716A, SR1) and CB2 (SR144528, SR2)
were also injected to analyze the involvement of cannabinoid receptors. It was
determined that SR1 attenuated the THC suppression of IL-12Rbeta2, while SR2
attenuated the increase in GATA3 mRNA. These results suggest that THC
suppresses Th1 biasing activity such as IL-12Rbeta2 by a CB1 mediated
mechanism and enhances the Th2 biasing activity, GATA3, by a CB2 mechanism.
This dichotomy of receptor involvement might result from differential
expression and/or signaling function of CB1 and CB2 on Th1 and Th2 cells.
